During 2020 323 369 cases, 857 deaths were notified from 24 countries 3. The number of cholera cases reported to WHO has continued to be high over the last few years. Uninfected dead bodies have never been reported as the source of epidemics. The consequences of a humanitarian crisis – such as disruption of water and sanitation systems, or the displacement of populations to inadequate and overcrowded camps – can increase the risk of cholera transmission, should the bacteria be present or introduced. Typical at-risk areas include peri-urban slums, and camps for internally displaced persons or refugees, where minimum requirements of clean water and sanitation are not been met. In a country where cholera does not regularly occur, an outbreak is defined by the occurrence of at least 1 confirmed case of cholera with evidence of local transmission in an area where there is not usually cholera.Ĭholera transmission is closely linked to inadequate access to clean water and sanitation facilities. In cholera endemic countries an outbreak can be seasonal or sporadic and represents a greater than expected number of cases.
A cholera outbreak/epidemic can occur in both endemic countries and in countries where cholera does not regularly occur. A cholera-endemic area is an area where confirmed cholera cases were detected during the last 3 years with evidence of local transmission (meaning the cases are not imported from elsewhere). Epidemiology, risk factors, and disease burdenĬholera can be endemic or epidemic. There is no difference in the illness caused by the two serogroups.
It has never been identified outside Asia. cholerae O139 – first identified in Bangladesh in 1992 – caused outbreaks in the past, but recently has only been identified in sporadic cases. cholerae O1 has caused all recent outbreaks. cholerae, but only two – O1 and O139 – cause outbreaks. Cholera is now endemic in many countries. The current (seventh) pandemic started in South Asia in 1961, reached Africa in 1971 and the Americas in 1991. Six subsequent pandemics killed millions of people across all continents. Historyĭuring the 19th century, cholera spread across the world from its original reservoir in the Ganges delta in India. This can lead to death if left untreated. cholerae do not develop any symptoms, although the bacteria are present in their faeces for 1-10 days after infection and are shed back into the environment, potentially infecting other people.Īmong people who develop symptoms, the majority have mild or moderate symptoms, while a minority develop acute watery diarrhoea with severe dehydration. Cholera affects both children and adults and can kill within hours if untreated. It takes between 12 hours and 5 days for a person to show symptoms after ingesting contaminated food or water (2). SymptomsĬholera is an extremely virulent disease that can cause severe acute watery diarrhoea. Cholera remains a global threat to public health and an indicator of inequity and lack of social development. Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.
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